nbp2 61449  (Novus Biologicals)

Journal: Journal of Human Immunity

Article Title: Human ISG15 deficiency unveils impaired healing of ulcerations via type I interferon–mediated fibrosis

doi: 10.70962/jhi.20250011

Figure Lengend Snippet: Myofibroblast activation in ISG15-deficient cells. (A) Spatial expression and intensity levels of two myofibroblast markers ( ACTA2 and COL5A1 ). (B) Relative expression of various myofibroblast markers for clusters 1 and 5 separated by sample biopsy. (C) Percentage of total spots that express TGFβ in the entire biopsy, within CD68 + spots only, and within myofibroblast cluster 5. (D) Significance of pathway enrichment for clusters 0, 1, 5, 3, 7, and 9 generated by MSigDB Hallmark 2020 and BioPlanet 2019 analysis from Enrichr. Adjusted P values are shown. (E) Relative RNA levels of myofibroblast markers ( PDGFA , ITGB6 , FGF2 ) following a 72-h treatment with 1,000 IU/ml IFNα2b, 10 ng/ml TGFβ, or both of WT and ISG15 KO lung epithelial cells (A549). (F) Percentage of cells undergoing EMT upon TGFβ/IFNα stimulation. (G) Relative RNA levels of myofibroblast markers ( PDGFA , ITGB6 , FGF2 ) following a 5-day treatment with 1,000 IU/ml IFNα2b, 10 ng/ml TGFβ, or both of WT and ISG15 KO fibroblasts. (H) ACTA2 (myofibroblasts) IHC for lesion 1 and lesion 3. P values were calculated with two-tailed t test. *P < 0.05.

Article Snippet: The following day, cells were treated with IFN-α2b (100 or 1,000 IU ml −1 , Merck IntronA), TGFβ (10 ng ml −1 , 75362; Cell Signaling), or both IFNα and TGFβ together.

Techniques: Activation Assay, Expressing, Generated, Two Tailed Test

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: ACOD-itaconate in macrophage attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in benign airway stenosis by upregulating and transferring FTH1

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104133

Figure Lengend Snippet: ACOD1/itaconate axis upregulates FTH1 to mitigate oxidative stress in macrophages. A. Re-clustering of the Mc4 macrophage subpopulation based on AcoD1 expression identifies ACOD1 + and ACOD1 - subsets. B. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis shows the necroptosis pathway is most significantly enriched in ACOD1 + macrophages compared to ACOD1 - subsets. Top 5 enriched pathways shown. C. Differential gene expression analysis within the necroptosis pathway identifies FTH1 as the most upregulated gene in ACOD1 + macrophages. D. Quantitative comparison of FTH1 expression levels in scRNA-seq data between normal trachea group and granulation group. E, F. Representative images of FTH1 immunohistochemical staining and quantitative of immunoreactive area in normal trachea group and granulation group. Scale bars indicate 200 μm and 50 μm (n = 3 sample per group). G, H. Western blot analysis showing the levels of ACOD1 in the trachea of control group, BAS group and BAS+4-OI group (n = 3 mice per group) at 24 h. I, J. Representative tracheal immunofluorescence images and mean fluorescence intensity of FTH1(green) in control group, BAS group and BAS+4-OI group (n = 5 mice per group) at 24 h. Scale bars indicate 200 μm and 50 μm. K. Representative immunofluorescence images of CD68(red), FTH1(green) and ACOD1(yellow)in normal trachea group and granulation group. Scale bars indicate 200 μm and 50 μm. L. Representative tracheal immunofluorescence images of F4/80(red), FTH1(green) and ACOD1(yellow)in control group and BAS group. Scale bars indicate 200 μm and 50 μm. M, N. Western blot analysis in macrophages reveals that 4-OI rescues LPS-induced FTH1 downregulation (n = 3 independent experiments). O, P. Representative immunofluorescence images and mean fluorescence intensity of ROS (red) in 4-OI reduces LPS-induced 4-HNE in controls, but not in FTH1-knockdown macrophages. (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars indicate 50 μm. Q, R. Western blot and quantitative analysis of FTH1 in macrophages after transfection with siNRF2 and treated or not with 4-OI, LPS (n = 3 independent experiments). Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Two-sided student's T-test were used in D,F. One-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey post hoc multi-comparison test was used in H, J. Two-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey post hoc multi-comparison test was used in N, P, R.

Article Snippet: For add exogenous FTH1, fibroblasts were treated with recombinant FTH1 protein(#CSB-EP009030MO, cusabio).

Techniques: Expressing, Gene Expression, Comparison, Immunohistochemical staining, Staining, Western Blot, Control, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence, Knockdown, Transfection

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: ACOD-itaconate in macrophage attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in benign airway stenosis by upregulating and transferring FTH1

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104133

Figure Lengend Snippet: 4-OI promotes exosomal FTH1 secretion from macrophages and induces fibroblast ferroptosis. A. ELISA detects elevated FTH1 secretion in supernatants of macrophages treated with LPS + 4-OI, but not 4-OI alone (n = 3 independent experiments). B. Representative TEM images of exosomes isolated from LPS+4-OI treated macrophages. Scale bars indicate 500 nm and 200 nm. C. Representative NTA of exosomes isolated from LPS+4-OI treated macrophages. D. Representative immunoblot shows exosome markers (TSG101, CD63, and CD81) and endoplasmic reticulum marker (Calnexin). E. Schematic diagram of exosome uptake experiment. F. Representative immunofluorescence images of DiD (red) and F-actin (green) in two fibroblasts group. Scale bars indicate 20 μm. G. Representative immunoblot shows FTH1 and CD63 in two EXO group. H,I. Representative immunofluorescence images and mean fluorescence intensity of FTH1 (red) in three fibroblasts group (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars indicate 50 μm. J. Experimental scheme: Macrophage-fibroblast co-culture system. K,L. Representative immunofluorescence images and mean fluorescence show co-culture with macrophages treated with LPS+4-OI significantly enhanced FTH1 internalization in fibroblasts. This effect was abolished when macrophages were subjected to FTH1 knockdown (LPS+4-OI + siFTH1), and was restored upon addition of recombinant FTH1 (LPS+4-OI + siFTH1+rFTH1) (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars indicate 50 μm. M,N. Representative immunofluorescence images and mean fluorescence of PGSK in fibroblasts after co-culture with the indicated macrophage groups: control, LPS+4-OI, LPS+4-OI + siFTH1, and LPS+4-OI + siFTH1+rFTH1 (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars indicate 100 μm. O,P. Representative immunofluorescence images and Mean fluorescence intensity of BODIPY C11(red) and oxidized form(green) in two group(n = 3 independent experiments) Scale bars indicate 50 μm. Q. Representative TEM images of differently treated fibroblasts group. Scale bars indicate 2 μm and 500 nm. R,S. Representative immunofluorescence images and mean fluorescence intensity of 4HNE (red) in three fibroblasts group (n = 3 independent experiments). Scale bars indicate 50 μm. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Two-sided student's T-test were used in P. One-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey post hoc multi-comparison test was used in A,I,L,N,S .

Article Snippet: For add exogenous FTH1, fibroblasts were treated with recombinant FTH1 protein(#CSB-EP009030MO, cusabio).

Techniques: Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, Isolation, Western Blot, Marker, Immunofluorescence, Fluorescence, Co-Culture Assay, Knockdown, Recombinant, Control, Comparison

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: ACOD-itaconate in macrophage attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in benign airway stenosis by upregulating and transferring FTH1

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104133

Figure Lengend Snippet: Macrophage-derived FTH1 binds fibroblast SCARA5 to inhibit fibrosis. A. Re-clustering of fibroblasts from single-cell RNA-seq data identifies distinct subpopulations in human BAS granulation tissue. B. Pseudotime trajectory analysis reveals fibroblast differentiation converging on pro-fibrotic Cluster 2. C. CellChat interaction analysis predicts FTH1 (from ACOD1 + macrophages) binding to SCARA5 (on Cluster 2 fibroblasts) as the top ligand-receptor pair. D. Representative immunofluorescence images of FTH1(green), SCARA5(yellow) and Vimentin (red) in normal trachea group and granulation group. Scale bars indicate 50 μm and 20 μm. E. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) confirms FTH1 binding to SCARA5 in fibroblasts co-cultured with LPS+4-OI-treated macrophages. F,G. Representative tracheal immunofluorescence images of FTH1 (green), GPX4(yellow), SCARA5(red) and VIMENTIN(pink) in mouse trachea and quantitative of mean fluorescence of FTH1 and GPX4 in the control, BAS and BAS+4-OI group(n = 3 mice per group). Scale bars indicate 200 μm and 50 μm. H. Schematic diagram of the experimental design for 4-OI and Anti -SCARA5 treatment. I,J. Representative immunofluorescence images and mean fluorescence intensity of αSMA (red) and COL1(green) in four group: Control, BAS,BAS+4-OI,BAS+4-OI + Anti -SCARA5 (n = 3 mice per group). Scale bars indicate 200 μm and 50 μm. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM. One-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey post hoc multi-comparison test was used in G, J.

Article Snippet: For add exogenous FTH1, fibroblasts were treated with recombinant FTH1 protein(#CSB-EP009030MO, cusabio).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Single Cell, RNA Sequencing, Binding Assay, Immunofluorescence, Immunoprecipitation, Co-Immunoprecipitation Assay, Cell Culture, Fluorescence, Control, Comparison

Journal: Redox Biology

Article Title: ACOD-itaconate in macrophage attenuates oxidative stress and inflammation in benign airway stenosis by upregulating and transferring FTH1

doi: 10.1016/j.redox.2026.104133

Figure Lengend Snippet: Schematic diagram of mechanism of the ACOD1/itaconate axis in regulating airway inflammation and fibrosis. During the inflammatory stage, macrophages upregulate ACOD1 expression, catalyzing itaconate production. Itaconate and its derivative 4-OI activate the NRF2 signaling pathway by promoting NRF2 nuclear translocation. Nuclear NRF2 induces FTH1 transcription, leading to intracellular FTH1 protein accumulation to suppressing inflammation and attenuating oxidative stress. In fibrotic repair, FTH1 packaged into exosomes and secreted. These exosomes are taken up by fibroblasts via bind to SCARA5, leading to FTH1 delivery and subsequent induction of ferroptosis.

Article Snippet: For add exogenous FTH1, fibroblasts were treated with recombinant FTH1 protein(#CSB-EP009030MO, cusabio).

Techniques: Expressing, Translocation Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Platelet DKK1 promotes tolerogenic dendritic cells and non-healing responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Decreased MPO + , CD11b + , and MHC class II + neutrophils in MyD88 (PKO) - and DKK1 (PKO) -infected mice (A–G) Six-week-old female WT-BALB/c, MyD88 (PKO) and DKK1 (PKO) mice were challenged with infective metacyclic promastigote (2 ×10 6 parasites, n = 5 per group) of L . major via the footpad. Non-infected BALB/c mice ( n = 10/2 feet per mouse) were given 0.9% NaCl saline. Cells were isolated from the footpads of all infected and non-infected mice at days 3 and 14 PI. Samples were analyzed by flow cytometry for MPO + , CD11b + , and MHC class II + neutrophils. A representative flow cytometry dot plot of MPO + , CD11b + , and MHC class II + neutrophils on day 3 is presented in . The percentage of MPO + , CD11b + , and MHC class II + cells in the different experimental groups is shown in column graphs (A, B, C, D, E, and F), while the absolute number of neutrophils obtained on day 3 PI is indicated (G). In all experiments, infected and non-infected BALB/c mice served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Results are presented as mean (±SEM) and are representative of two independent experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used to analyze the data ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; ns, non-significant ( p > 0.05).

Article Snippet: Rested immature dendritic cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL of recombinant DKK1 (R & D Systems), 20 ng/mL of recombinant IL-10 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), or 10 ng/mL of recombinant TNF-α (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Techniques: Infection, Saline, Isolation, Flow Cytometry

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Platelet DKK1 promotes tolerogenic dendritic cells and non-healing responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Increased CD38 + macrophages and CD8α + dendritic cells in MyD88 (PKO) - and DKK1 (PKO) -infected mice (A–D) Six-week-old female WT-BALB/c, MyD88 (PKO) and DKK1 (PKO) mice were challenged with infective metacyclic promastigote (2 ×10 6 parasites, n = 5 per group) of L . major via the footpad. One week and two weeks post-infection, cells from the infected foot of each mouse in BALB/c, MyD88 (PKO) , DKK1 (PKO) , and non-infected BALB/c mice ( n = 10/2 feet per mouse) were harvested and counted for macrophages (A and B) and dendritic cells (C and D) by flow cytometry. (E–H) Two weeks post-infection, the infected foot from each mouse in BALB/c, MyD88 (PKO) , DKK1 (PKO) ( n = 5 per group), and non-infected BALB/c mice ( n = 10/2 feet per mouse) were examined for CD206 + and CD38 + macrophages (E and F), as well as CD11b + and CD8α + dendritic cells (G and H) by flow cytometry. Representative flow cytometry dot plots showing the analysis of CD206 + , CD38 + macrophages and CD11b + , CD8α + dendritic cells and a dot plot of each sample in all the experimental groups performed on day 14 PI are presented in . Results are presented as mean ± SEM and are representative of two independent experiments. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, and “ns” indicates non-significant.

Article Snippet: Rested immature dendritic cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL of recombinant DKK1 (R & D Systems), 20 ng/mL of recombinant IL-10 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), or 10 ng/mL of recombinant TNF-α (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Techniques: Infection, Flow Cytometry

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Platelet DKK1 promotes tolerogenic dendritic cells and non-healing responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115090

Figure Lengend Snippet: DKK1 promotes IL-10 induction in BALB/c-infected mice (A–F) Six-week-old female BALB/c, MyD88 (PKO) and DKK1 (PKO) mice were challenged with infective metacyclic promastigote (2 ×10 6 parasites, n = 5 per group) of L . major via the footpad. Non-infected BALB/c mice ( n = 5) were given 0.9% NaCl saline. Two or fifteen weeks post-infection, cells from draining lymph nodes were isolated. Lymph node cells were incubated with SLAG (50 μg/mL derived from WT parasites). Cell culture supernatant samples obtained were analyzed by ELISA for cytokine production, as shown in the column graphs (A–F). In all the experiments, BALB/c infected and non-infected mice served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Results are presented as mean ± SEM and are representative of two independent experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used to analyze the data ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, “ns” indicates not significant ( p > 0.05).

Article Snippet: Rested immature dendritic cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL of recombinant DKK1 (R & D Systems), 20 ng/mL of recombinant IL-10 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), or 10 ng/mL of recombinant TNF-α (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Techniques: Infection, Saline, Isolation, Incubation, Derivative Assay, Cell Culture, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Platelet DKK1 promotes tolerogenic dendritic cells and non-healing responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Impaired CD8 + IL-10 + IFN-γ − , CD4 + IL-10 + IFN-γ − , and CD4 + IL-10 + IFNg + T cells in MyD88 (PKO) - and DKK1 (PKO) -infected mice on day 14 PI (A–M) Six-week-old female BALB/c, MyD88 (PKO) , and DKK1 (PKO) mice were challenged with infective metacyclic promastigote (2 ×10 6 parasites, n = 5 per group) of L . major via the footpad. Non-infected BALB/c mice ( n = 5) were given 0.9% NaCl saline. Two weeks post-infection, the draining and non-draining lymph node cells were isolated. Lymph node cells were incubated with a cell stimulation cocktail for 5 h. After a further 3 h in BFA, cells were stained for intracellular IL-10 and IFN-γ. The stained lymph node cells from each mouse in BALB/c, MyD88 (PKO) - and DKK1 (PKO) -infected mice were determined for the percentage and frequency of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells (A, B, C, and B), percentage and MFI of CD8 + IFN-γ + or CD8 + IL-10 + T cells (E, F, G, and H), percentage and MFI of CD4 + IFN-γ + or CD4 + IL-10 + T cells (I, J, K, and L), and percentage of CD4 + IFN-γ + IL-10 + T cells (M) by flow cytometry. Representative flow cytometry dot plots showing the analyses CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, CD8 + IFN-γ + or CD8 + IL-10 + T cells, CD4 + IFN-γ + or CD4 + IL-10 + T cells, and CD4 + IFN-γ + IL-10 + T cells performed on day 14 PI is indicated ( A). Results are presented as mean ± SEM. and are representative of triplicate experiments. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test ∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001, and “ns” indicates non-significant.

Article Snippet: Rested immature dendritic cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL of recombinant DKK1 (R & D Systems), 20 ng/mL of recombinant IL-10 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), or 10 ng/mL of recombinant TNF-α (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Techniques: Infection, Saline, Isolation, Incubation, Cell Stimulation, Staining, Flow Cytometry

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Platelet DKK1 promotes tolerogenic dendritic cells and non-healing responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Minimal expression and percentage of MHC II + , CD86 + , and CD80 + dendritic cells in the presence of recombinant DKK1 (A) Monocyte-derived dendritic cells were incubated in rDKK1(100 ng/mL), rIL-10 (20 ng/mL) and rTNF-α (10 ng/mL). Cells harvested at 24 and 48 h post-incubation were used to determine the expression and percentage of MHC II + , CD86 + , and CD80 + cells by flow cytometry. Representative flow cytometry dot plots generated 24 h post-incubation showed the analysis of MHC II + , CD86 + and CD80 + as indicated (A). (B–G) The percentage (B, D, and F) and MFI (C, E, and G) of MHC II + , CD86 + and CD80 + in the different experimental conditions are shown in the bar graphs. Results are presented as mean (±SEM) and are representative of triplicate experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used to analyze the data (∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01; ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; and “ns” indicates non-significant.

Article Snippet: Rested immature dendritic cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL of recombinant DKK1 (R & D Systems), 20 ng/mL of recombinant IL-10 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), or 10 ng/mL of recombinant TNF-α (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Techniques: Expressing, Recombinant, Derivative Assay, Incubation, Flow Cytometry, Generated

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Platelet DKK1 promotes tolerogenic dendritic cells and non-healing responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115090

Figure Lengend Snippet: r-DKK1 blocked TNF-α-induced MHC II + and CD86 + expression of dendritic cells (A) Monocyte-derived dendritic cells were incubated in rDKK1(100 ng/mL), rTNF-α (10 ng/mL), and (rDKK1 + rTNF-α). Cells harvested at 48 h post-incubation were used to determine the percentage of MHC II + and CD86 + cells by flow cytometry. Representative flow cytometry dot plots generated 48 h post-incubation showed the analysis of MHC II + and CD86 + as indicated (A). (B and C) The percentage (B and C) of MHC II + and CD86 + in the different experimental conditions are shown in the bar graphs. Results are presented as mean (±SEM) and are representative of triplicate experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used to analyze the data (∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01; and “ns” indicates non-significant.

Article Snippet: Rested immature dendritic cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL of recombinant DKK1 (R & D Systems), 20 ng/mL of recombinant IL-10 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), or 10 ng/mL of recombinant TNF-α (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Techniques: Expressing, Derivative Assay, Incubation, Flow Cytometry, Generated

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Platelet DKK1 promotes tolerogenic dendritic cells and non-healing responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Elevated IL-10 and reduced IL-12 production in rDKK1-treated dendritic cells (A and B) Monocyte-derived dendritic cells were incubated in r-DKK1(100 ng/mL), r-IL-10 (20 ng/mL), r-TNF-α (10 ng/mL) or r-TNF-α + r-DKK1. Cell culture supernatants harvested 24 and 48 h post-incubation were used to determine IL-10 and IL-12 production by ELISA, as shown in the bar graphs (A and B). Results are presented as mean ± SEM and are representative of triplicate experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used to analyze the data (∗ p < 0.05, ∗∗ p < 0.01). “ns” indicates not significant.

Article Snippet: Rested immature dendritic cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL of recombinant DKK1 (R & D Systems), 20 ng/mL of recombinant IL-10 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), or 10 ng/mL of recombinant TNF-α (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Techniques: Derivative Assay, Incubation, Cell Culture, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Platelet DKK1 promotes tolerogenic dendritic cells and non-healing responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115090

Figure Lengend Snippet: rDKK1-treated dendritic cells significantly increased the percentage of IL-10-producing CD4 T cells (A and B) Rested immature dendritic cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL of recombinant DKK1 or 10 ng/mL of recombinant TNF-α for 24 h. The rDKK1 and r-TNF-α-treated dendritic cells were incubated for 4 h in a 24-well plate (2 × 10 5 per well) in 200 μL of medium in the presence of SLAG (100 ng/ml). SLAG-loaded rDKK1 and r-TNF-α-treated dendritic cells (2 ×10 5 ) were then washed and co-cultured with infected WT-BALB/c lymph node T cells (1 ×10 6 ) in complete RPMI 1640 medium in a 1:5 ratio for 72 h. The cells were surface-stained with appropriate antibodies before intracellular IL-10 staining with a cell stimulation cocktail and BD Golgi plug. The stained lymph node cells from the experimental condition were determined for the percentage of CD4 + IL-10 + T cells by flow cytometry. Representative flow cytometry dot plots showed the analysis of CD4 + IL-10 + T cells (A). The percentage of CD4 + IL-10 + T cells in the different experimental conditions is indicated (B). The non-treated and r-TNF-α-treated dendritic cells serve as controls. Results are presented as mean ± SEM and are representative of three replicate experiments. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test was used to analyze the data ∗∗∗ p < 0.001; ns indicates not significant ( p > 0.05).

Article Snippet: Rested immature dendritic cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL of recombinant DKK1 (R & D Systems), 20 ng/mL of recombinant IL-10 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), or 10 ng/mL of recombinant TNF-α (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Techniques: Recombinant, Incubation, Cell Culture, Infection, Staining, Cell Stimulation, Flow Cytometry

Journal: iScience

Article Title: Platelet DKK1 promotes tolerogenic dendritic cells and non-healing responses in cutaneous leishmaniasis

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.115090

Figure Lengend Snippet: Lesion size and parasite burden decreased in MyD88 (PKO) - and DKK1 (PKO) -infected mice (A–C) Six-week-old female WT-BALB/c, MyD88 (PKO) and DKK1 (PKO) mice were challenged with infective metacyclic promastigote (2 ×10 6 parasites) of L . major via the footpad. The infected foot from each mouse in BALB/c, MyD88 (PKO) - and DKK1 (PKO) -infected mice ( n = 5 per group) were measured for lesion size weekly using a vernier caliper (A), and parasite burden (at day week 6 and 15PI) was determined by limiting dilution assay (B and C). Results are presented as mean ± SEM. For Figure (A), mice in each infected group were compared with the non-infected group and data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post hoc test ∗ p < 0.05; ∗∗ p < 0.01, ∗∗∗ p < 0.001.

Article Snippet: Rested immature dendritic cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL of recombinant DKK1 (R & D Systems), 20 ng/mL of recombinant IL-10 (Thermo Fisher Scientific), or 10 ng/mL of recombinant TNF-α (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Techniques: Infection, Limiting Dilution Assay